# ConvertEasy: full reference

> Complete reference data behind ConvertEasy (https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/), a free converter and smart calculator by Shrinath Prabhu (https://shrinath.me), from the makers of OwlEye Analytics (https://owleye.dev). Generated 2026-09-15. Quote freely; please link the page you used.

## Temperature formulas

- °F = °C × 9/5 + 32
- °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9
- K = °C + 273.15
- °R = °F + 459.67
- A temperature difference of 1 °C = 1 K = 1.8 °F.

## Fuel economy formulas

- L/100 km = 235.215 ÷ mpg (US)
- L/100 km = 282.481 ÷ mpg (UK)
- L/100 km = 100 ÷ km/L

## Unit factors

### Length

Length measures distance in one dimension. The SI base unit is the meter, defined by the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second. Since the 1959 international yard and pound agreement, imperial and US customary lengths are defined exactly in meters: an inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/length-converter

- nanometer (nm): 1 nm = 1 × 10⁻⁹ m. One billionth of a meter, used for wavelengths of light and semiconductor feature sizes.
- micrometer (µm): 1 µm = 0.000001 m. One millionth of a meter, also called a micron.
- millimeter (mm): 1 mm = 0.001 m. One thousandth of a meter. Ten millimeters make a centimeter.
- centimeter (cm): 1 cm = 0.01 m. One hundredth of a meter. An inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters.
- decimeter (dm): 1 dm = 0.1 m. One tenth of a meter.
- meter (m): 1 m = 1 m. The SI base unit of length, defined by the speed of light.
- kilometer (km): 1 km = 1,000 m. One thousand meters. A mile is about 1.609 kilometers.
- inch (in): 1 in = 0.0254 m. Exactly 2.54 centimeters. Twelve inches make a foot.
- foot (ft): 1 ft = 0.3048 m. Exactly 0.3048 meters, or 12 inches. Three feet make a yard.
- yard (yd): 1 yd = 0.9144 m. Exactly 0.9144 meters, or 3 feet.
- mile (mi): 1 mi = 1,609.344 m. Exactly 1,609.344 meters, or 5,280 feet.
- nautical mile (nmi): 1 nmi = 1,852 m. Exactly 1,852 meters. Used in air and sea navigation; one knot is one nautical mile per hour.
- mil (mil): 1 mil = 0.0000254 m. One thousandth of an inch, used for wire and sheet thickness.
- hand (hh): 1 hh = 0.1016 m. Four inches, traditionally used to measure the height of horses.
- fathom (ftm): 1 ftm = 1.8288 m. Six feet, used for water depth.
- furlong (fur): 1 fur = 201.168 m. An eighth of a mile, or 660 feet, still used in horse racing.
- ångström (Å): 1 Å = 1 × 10⁻¹⁰ m. One ten-billionth of a meter, used for atomic scales.
- astronomical unit (au): 1 au = 149,597,870,700 m. Exactly 149,597,870,700 meters, roughly the mean Earth to Sun distance.
- light-year (ly): 1 ly = 9.460730473 × 10¹⁵ m. The distance light travels in one Julian year: exactly 9,460,730,472,580,800 meters.
- parsec (pc): 1 pc = 3.085677581 × 10¹⁶ m. About 3.26 light-years, defined from the astronomical unit and one arcsecond of parallax.

### Weight & mass

Mass is the amount of matter in an object; in everyday speech it is called weight. The SI base unit is the kilogram, defined since 2019 through the Planck constant. The international avoirdupois pound is defined as exactly 0.45359237 kilograms.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/weight-converter

- microgram (µg): 1 µg = 1 × 10⁻⁹ kg. One millionth of a gram, common on supplement labels as mcg.
- milligram (mg): 1 mg = 0.000001 kg. One thousandth of a gram.
- gram (g): 1 g = 0.001 kg. One thousandth of a kilogram.
- kilogram (kg): 1 kg = 1 kg. The SI base unit of mass, defined through the Planck constant. About 2.20462 pounds.
- tonne (t): 1 t = 1,000 kg. A metric ton: exactly 1,000 kilograms.
- quintal (q): 1 q = 100 kg. One hundred kilograms, widely used for crops and produce in India and parts of Europe.
- carat (ct): 1 ct = 0.0002 kg. Exactly 200 milligrams, used for gemstones. Not the same as the karat purity scale for gold.
- tola (tola): 1 tola = 0.0116638038 kg. A traditional South Asian unit of 180 grains, about 11.66 grams, still used for gold and silver.
- grain (gr): 1 gr = 0.00006479891 kg. Exactly 64.79891 milligrams; 7,000 grains make a pound.
- ounce (oz): 1 oz = 0.02834952313 kg. An avoirdupois ounce: exactly 28.349523125 grams, or 1/16 of a pound.
- troy ounce (ozt): 1 ozt = 0.0311034768 kg. Exactly 31.1034768 grams, the standard unit for precious metals.
- pound (lb): 1 lb = 0.45359237 kg. The avoirdupois pound: exactly 0.45359237 kilograms, or 16 ounces.
- stone (st): 1 st = 6.35029318 kg. Fourteen pounds, about 6.35 kilograms, commonly used for body weight in the UK and Ireland.
- US ton (ton): 1 ton = 907.18474 kg. The US short ton: exactly 2,000 pounds.
- imperial ton (LT): 1 LT = 1,016.046909 kg. The imperial long ton: exactly 2,240 pounds.

### Volume

Volume is the space a substance occupies. The SI unit is the cubic meter, but the liter (one cubic decimeter) is used far more often. US and imperial units share names but not sizes: a US gallon is 3.785 liters while an imperial gallon is 4.546 liters.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/volume-converter

- microliter (µL): 1 µL = 1 × 10⁻⁹ m³.
- milliliter (mL): 1 mL = 0.000001 m³. One thousandth of a liter, the same volume as one cubic centimeter.
- centiliter (cL): 1 cL = 0.00001 m³. One hundredth of a liter, used on drink labels in Europe.
- deciliter (dL): 1 dL = 0.0001 m³.
- liter (L): 1 L = 0.001 m³. One cubic decimeter, or 1,000 milliliters.
- kiloliter (kL): 1 kL = 1 m³.
- cubic meter (m³): 1 m³ = 1 m³. The SI unit of volume, equal to 1,000 liters.
- cubic centimeter (cm³): 1 cm³ = 0.000001 m³. The same volume as one milliliter. Engine displacement is often given in cc.
- cubic millimeter (mm³): 1 mm³ = 1 × 10⁻⁹ m³.
- cubic inch (in³): 1 in³ = 0.000016387064 m³.
- cubic foot (ft³): 1 ft³ = 0.02831684659 m³. Exactly 28.316846592 liters.
- cubic yard (yd³): 1 yd³ = 0.764554858 m³.
- teaspoon (tsp): 1 tsp = 0.000004928921594 m³. A US teaspoon: 1/6 US fluid ounce, about 4.93 milliliters.
- tablespoon (tbsp): 1 tbsp = 0.00001478676478 m³. A US tablespoon: three teaspoons, about 14.79 milliliters.
- US fluid ounce (fl oz): 1 fl oz = 0.00002957352956 m³. One 128th of a US gallon, about 29.57 milliliters.
- US cup (cup): 1 cup = 0.0002365882365 m³. A US customary cup: 8 US fluid ounces, about 236.6 milliliters.
- US pint (pt): 1 pt = 0.000473176473 m³. Two US cups, about 473 milliliters.
- US quart (qt): 1 qt = 0.000946352946 m³. Two US pints, about 946 milliliters.
- US gallon (gal): 1 gal = 0.003785411784 m³. Exactly 231 cubic inches, about 3.785 liters.
- imperial fluid ounce (imp fl oz): 1 imp fl oz = 0.0000284130625 m³.
- imperial pint (imp pt): 1 imp pt = 0.00056826125 m³. Twenty imperial fluid ounces, about 568 milliliters: the British pint of beer.
- imperial gallon (imp gal): 1 imp gal = 0.00454609 m³. Exactly 4.54609 liters, used in the UK and some Commonwealth countries.
- metric cup (metric cup): 1 metric cup = 0.00025 m³. Exactly 250 milliliters, used in Australia, New Zealand and Canada.
- oil barrel (bbl): 1 bbl = 0.1589872949 m³. Exactly 42 US gallons, about 159 liters, the standard for crude oil.

### Temperature

Temperature scales do not share a zero, so converting between them needs an offset as well as a factor. Water freezes at 0 °C, 32 °F and 273.15 K. A change of one degree Celsius equals a change of one kelvin and 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/temperature-converter

- degree Celsius (°C): non-linear scale (see formula). Water freezes at 0 °C and boils at 100 °C at sea level. A step of one degree equals one kelvin.
- degree Fahrenheit (°F): non-linear scale (see formula). Water freezes at 32 °F and boils at 212 °F at sea level. Used for everyday temperatures in the US.
- kelvin (K): non-linear scale (see formula). The SI base unit of temperature. Zero kelvin is absolute zero; the step size matches the Celsius degree.
- degree Rankine (°R): non-linear scale (see formula). An absolute scale with Fahrenheit-sized degrees, used in some US engineering work.

### Area

Area measures a two-dimensional surface. The SI unit is the square meter. Property is often measured in square feet, while land uses acres or hectares: one hectare is 10,000 square meters, about 2.471 acres.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/area-converter

- square millimeter (mm²): 1 mm² = 0.000001 m².
- square centimeter (cm²): 1 cm² = 0.0001 m².
- square meter (m²): 1 m² = 1 m². The SI unit of area: a square one meter on each side, about 10.764 square feet.
- are (a): 1 a = 100 m². One hundred square meters.
- hectare (ha): 1 ha = 10,000 m². Ten thousand square meters, about 2.471 acres.
- square kilometer (km²): 1 km² = 1,000,000 m².
- square inch (in²): 1 in² = 0.00064516 m².
- square foot (ft²): 1 ft² = 0.09290304 m². A square one foot on each side: exactly 0.09290304 square meters.
- square yard (yd²): 1 yd² = 0.83612736 m².
- acre (ac): 1 ac = 4,046.856422 m². Exactly 43,560 square feet, about 4,047 square meters.
- square mile (mi²): 1 mi² = 2,589,988.11 m². Exactly 640 acres, about 2.59 square kilometers.

### Speed

Speed is distance travelled per unit of time. The SI unit is the meter per second. Road speeds use km/h or mph, and a knot is one nautical mile per hour.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/speed-converter

- meter per second (m/s): 1 m/s = 1 m/s. The SI unit of speed. One meter per second is 3.6 km/h.
- kilometer per hour (km/h): 1 km/h = 0.2777777778 m/s. The road speed unit in most of the world.
- mile per hour (mph): 1 mph = 0.44704 m/s. Exactly 0.44704 meters per second, the road speed unit in the US and UK.
- foot per second (ft/s): 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s.
- knot (kn): 1 kn = 0.5144444444 m/s. One nautical mile per hour, about 1.852 km/h. Used at sea and in aviation.
- kilometer per second (km/s): 1 km/s = 1,000 m/s.
- Mach (Mach): 1 Mach = 340.29 m/s. The speed of sound. This converter uses 340.29 m/s, its value in dry air at 15 °C at sea level; the real figure changes with temperature.
- speed of light (c): 1 c = 299,792,458 m/s. Exactly 299,792,458 meters per second.

### Time & duration

The second is the SI base unit of time, defined by the caesium-133 atom. Months and years vary in length, so this converter uses Gregorian averages: a year of 365.2425 days and a month of 30.436875 days. For exact calendar spans between two dates, use the date calculator.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/time-converter

- nanosecond (ns): 1 ns = 1 × 10⁻⁹ s.
- microsecond (µs): 1 µs = 0.000001 s.
- millisecond (ms): 1 ms = 0.001 s. One thousandth of a second.
- second (s): 1 s = 1 s. The SI base unit of time, defined by 9,192,631,770 cycles of the caesium-133 hyperfine transition.
- minute (min): 1 min = 60 s. Sixty seconds.
- hour (h): 1 h = 3,600 s. Sixty minutes, or 3,600 seconds.
- day (d): 1 d = 86,400 s. Twenty-four hours, or 86,400 seconds.
- week (wk): 1 wk = 604,800 s. Seven days.
- fortnight (fortnight): 1 fortnight = 1,209,600 s. Fourteen days.
- month (mo): 1 mo = 2,629,746 s. An average Gregorian month of 30.436875 days (one twelfth of 365.2425 days).
- year (yr): 1 yr = 31,556,952 s. An average Gregorian year of 365.2425 days.
- decade (decade): 1 decade = 315,569,520 s. Ten years.
- century (century): 1 century = 3,155,695,200 s. One hundred years.
- millennium (millennium): 1 millennium = 31,556,952,000 s. One thousand years.

### Data storage

Digital storage is counted in bits and bytes (1 byte = 8 bits). There are two ways to count bytes. Decimal (SI) prefixes step by 1,000: 1 KB = 1,000 B and 1 GB = 1,000 MB, which is how drive makers, macOS, iOS and Android report sizes. Binary prefixes step by 1,024: 1 KB = 1,024 B and 1 GB = 1,024 MB, which is how Windows and RAM count (the IEC names for these are KiB, MiB and GiB). Bits are always decimal: 1 Kb = 1,000 b.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/data-storage-converter

- bit (bit): 1 bit = 1 bit. A single binary digit, 0 or 1.
- nibble (nibble): 1 nibble = 4 bit. Four bits, one hexadecimal digit.
- byte (B): 1 B = 8 bit. Eight bits.
- kilobit (kb): 1 kb = 1,000 bit. One thousand bits.
- kilobyte (KB): 1 KB = 8,000 bit. In decimal (SI) mode 1,000 bytes; in binary mode 1,024 bytes, as Windows and RAM count. The unambiguous binary name is kibibyte (KiB).
- megabit (Mb): 1 Mb = 1,000,000 bit. One million bits. Internet speeds are sold in megabits per second.
- megabyte (MB): 1 MB = 8,000,000 bit. In decimal mode 1,000,000 bytes (1,000 KB); in binary mode 1,048,576 bytes (1,024 KB).
- gigabit (Gb): 1 Gb = 1,000,000,000 bit.
- gigabyte (GB): 1 GB = 8,000,000,000 bit. In decimal mode 1,000,000,000 bytes (1,000 MB); in binary mode 1,073,741,824 bytes (1,024 MB).
- terabit (Tb): 1 Tb = 1,000,000,000,000 bit.
- terabyte (TB): 1 TB = 8,000,000,000,000 bit. In decimal mode 1,000 GB, which is how drives are sold; in binary mode 1,024 GB.
- petabyte (PB): 1 PB = 8 × 10¹⁵ bit. In decimal mode 1,000 TB; in binary mode 1,024 TB.
- exabyte (EB): 1 EB = 8 × 10¹⁸ bit.
- kibibyte (KiB): 1 KiB = 8,192 bit. Exactly 1,024 bytes (binary prefix).
- mebibyte (MiB): 1 MiB = 8,388,608 bit. Exactly 1,048,576 bytes, or 1,024 KiB.
- gibibyte (GiB): 1 GiB = 8,589,934,592 bit. Exactly 1,073,741,824 bytes, or 1,024 MiB. What Windows displays as GB.
- tebibyte (TiB): 1 TiB = 8,796,093,022,000 bit. Exactly 1,024 GiB.
- pebibyte (PiB): 1 PiB = 9.007199255 × 10¹⁵ bit.

### Data transfer rate

Network speeds are sold in bits per second, which are always decimal (1 Mbps = 1,000 kbps). Download dialogs show bytes per second, which some apps count in decimal (1 MB/s = 1,000 KB/s) and others in binary (1 MB/s = 1,024 KB/s). Because a byte is 8 bits, a 100 Mbps connection tops out around 12.5 MB/s (11.9 binary MB/s) before protocol overhead.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/data-transfer-rate-converter

- bit per second (bps): 1 bps = 1 bps.
- kilobit per second (kbps): 1 kbps = 1,000 bps.
- megabit per second (Mbps): 1 Mbps = 1,000,000 bps. One million bits per second, the usual unit for broadband and Wi-Fi speeds.
- gigabit per second (Gbps): 1 Gbps = 1,000,000,000 bps.
- terabit per second (Tbps): 1 Tbps = 1,000,000,000,000 bps.
- byte per second (B/s): 1 B/s = 8 bps.
- kilobyte per second (KB/s): 1 KB/s = 8,000 bps.
- megabyte per second (MB/s): 1 MB/s = 8,000,000 bps. One million bytes per second, how browsers and download managers show speed.
- gigabyte per second (GB/s): 1 GB/s = 8,000,000,000 bps.
- mebibyte per second (MiB/s): 1 MiB/s = 8,388,608 bps.

### Pressure

Pressure is force per unit area. The SI unit is the pascal, one newton per square meter. Tire pressures are given in psi or bar, weather in hectopascals or millibars, and blood pressure in millimeters of mercury.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/pressure-converter

- pascal (Pa): 1 Pa = 1 Pa. The SI unit of pressure: one newton per square meter.
- hectopascal (hPa): 1 hPa = 100 Pa. One hundred pascals, identical to the millibar. Used in weather reports.
- kilopascal (kPa): 1 kPa = 1,000 Pa. One thousand pascals.
- megapascal (MPa): 1 MPa = 1,000,000 Pa. One million pascals, used for material strength.
- bar (bar): 1 bar = 100,000 Pa. Exactly 100,000 pascals, close to atmospheric pressure at sea level.
- millibar (mbar): 1 mbar = 100 Pa.
- standard atmosphere (atm): 1 atm = 101,325 Pa. Exactly 101,325 pascals, average sea-level pressure.
- pound per square inch (psi): 1 psi = 6,894.757293 Pa. About 6.895 kilopascals, the usual unit for US tire pressure.
- millimeter of mercury (mmHg): 1 mmHg = 133.3223874 Pa. About 133.3 pascals, still the unit for blood pressure.
- torr (Torr): 1 Torr = 133.3223684 Pa.
- inch of mercury (inHg): 1 inHg = 3,386.389 Pa.

### Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work. The SI unit is the joule. Food energy is labelled in kilocalories (Calories with a capital C) or kilojoules, electricity is billed in kilowatt-hours, and heating often uses BTU or therms.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/energy-converter

- joule (J): 1 J = 1 J. The SI unit of energy: one newton acting over one meter.
- kilojoule (kJ): 1 kJ = 1,000 J. One thousand joules. Food labels in Australia and Europe show kJ alongside kcal.
- megajoule (MJ): 1 MJ = 1,000,000 J.
- calorie (cal): 1 cal = 4.184 J. The small (thermochemical) calorie: exactly 4.184 joules.
- kilocalorie (kcal): 1 kcal = 4,184 J. One thousand calories, the "Calorie" printed on food labels.
- watt-hour (Wh): 1 Wh = 3,600 J.
- kilowatt-hour (kWh): 1 kWh = 3,600,000 J. Exactly 3.6 megajoules: the "unit" on an electricity bill.
- megawatt-hour (MWh): 1 MWh = 3,600,000,000 J.
- electronvolt (eV): 1 eV = 1.602176634 × 10⁻¹⁹ J. Exactly 1.602176634 × 10⁻¹⁹ joules, used in atomic and particle physics.
- British thermal unit (BTU): 1 BTU = 1,055.055853 J. About 1,055 joules (International Table value), used for heating and cooling.
- therm (thm): 1 thm = 105,480,400 J. The US therm: 100,000 BTU, used for natural gas billing.
- foot-pound (ft·lbf): 1 ft·lbf = 1.355817948 J.
- erg (erg): 1 erg = 0.0000001 J.

### Power

Power is the rate at which energy is used or produced. The SI unit is the watt, one joule per second. Engines are rated in horsepower or kilowatts, and air conditioners in BTU per hour or tons of refrigeration.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/power-converter

- milliwatt (mW): 1 mW = 0.001 W.
- watt (W): 1 W = 1 W. The SI unit of power: one joule per second.
- kilowatt (kW): 1 kW = 1,000 W. One thousand watts, about 1.341 mechanical horsepower.
- megawatt (MW): 1 MW = 1,000,000 W.
- gigawatt (GW): 1 GW = 1,000,000,000 W.
- horsepower (hp): 1 hp = 745.6998716 W. Mechanical (imperial) horsepower: 550 foot-pounds per second, about 745.7 watts.
- metric horsepower (PS): 1 PS = 735.49875 W. Exactly 735.49875 watts, used for car engines in Europe and Asia.
- BTU per hour (BTU/h): 1 BTU/h = 0.2930710702 W.
- ton of refrigeration (TR): 1 TR = 3,516.852842 W. 12,000 BTU per hour, about 3.517 kilowatts; used to size air conditioners.

### Force

Force changes the motion of a mass. The SI unit is the newton: the force that accelerates one kilogram by one meter per second squared.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/force-converter

- newton (N): 1 N = 1 N. The SI unit of force: 1 kg·m/s².
- kilonewton (kN): 1 kN = 1,000 N.
- dyne (dyn): 1 dyn = 0.00001 N.
- pound-force (lbf): 1 lbf = 4.448221615 N. The force of gravity on one pound at standard gravity: about 4.448 newtons.
- kilogram-force (kgf): 1 kgf = 9.80665 N. The force of gravity on one kilogram at standard gravity: exactly 9.80665 newtons.
- ounce-force (ozf): 1 ozf = 0.278013851 N.
- kip (kip): 1 kip = 4,448.221615 N. One thousand pound-force.

### Angle

A full turn is 360 degrees, 2π radians or 400 gradians. The radian is the SI derived unit: the angle that subtends an arc equal in length to the radius.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/angle-converter

- degree (°): 1 ° = 0.01745329252 rad. One 360th of a full turn.
- radian (rad): 1 rad = 1 rad. The angle whose arc equals the radius: about 57.2958 degrees.
- gradian (grad): 1 grad = 0.01570796327 rad. One 400th of a full turn, so a right angle is 100 gradians.
- milliradian (mrad): 1 mrad = 0.001 rad.
- arcminute (arcmin): 1 arcmin = 0.0002908882087 rad.
- arcsecond (arcsec): 1 arcsec = 0.000004848136811 rad.
- turn (turn): 1 turn = 6.283185307 rad.

### Frequency

Frequency counts cycles per second. One hertz is one cycle per second, so 60 RPM is exactly 1 Hz.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/frequency-converter

- hertz (Hz): 1 Hz = 1 Hz. One cycle per second.
- kilohertz (kHz): 1 kHz = 1,000 Hz.
- megahertz (MHz): 1 MHz = 1,000,000 Hz.
- gigahertz (GHz): 1 GHz = 1,000,000,000 Hz.
- terahertz (THz): 1 THz = 1,000,000,000,000 Hz.
- revolution per minute (rpm): 1 rpm = 0.01666666667 Hz. One turn per minute, one sixtieth of a hertz.
- beat per minute (bpm): 1 bpm = 0.01666666667 Hz.

### Fuel economy

Fuel economy is either distance per volume (mpg, km/L), where higher is better, or volume per distance (L/100 km), where lower is better. Converting between the two families is an inversion, not a multiplication. US and UK mpg differ because their gallons differ.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/fuel-economy-converter

- kilometer per liter (km/L): non-linear scale (see formula).
- liter per 100 km (L/100 km): non-linear scale (see formula). Liters of fuel used to drive 100 kilometers. Lower is better.
- mile per US gallon (mpg): non-linear scale (see formula). Miles driven per US gallon, the fuel economy figure on US window stickers.
- mile per imperial gallon (mpg (UK)): non-linear scale (see formula). Miles per imperial gallon, used in the UK. About 20% higher than the US figure for the same car.
- mile per liter (mi/L): non-linear scale (see formula).

### Density

Density is mass per unit volume. Water is about 1 g/cm³, or 1,000 kg/m³.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/density-converter

- kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m³): 1 kg/m³ = 1 kg/m³.
- gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm³): 1 g/cm³ = 1,000 kg/m³.
- gram per milliliter (g/mL): 1 g/mL = 1,000 kg/m³.
- gram per liter (g/L): 1 g/L = 1 kg/m³.
- kilogram per liter (kg/L): 1 kg/L = 1,000 kg/m³.
- pound per cubic foot (lb/ft³): 1 lb/ft³ = 16.01846337 kg/m³.
- pound per cubic inch (lb/in³): 1 lb/in³ = 27,679.90471 kg/m³.
- pound per US gallon (lb/gal): 1 lb/gal = 119.8264273 kg/m³.

### Torque

Torque is rotational force. It shares dimensions with energy but describes something different, so it has its own units: the newton-meter, and pound-foot in the US.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/torque-converter

- newton-meter (N·m): 1 N·m = 1 N·m.
- kilonewton-meter (kN·m): 1 kN·m = 1,000 N·m.
- pound-foot (lb·ft): 1 lb·ft = 1.355817948 N·m.
- pound-inch (lb·in): 1 lb·in = 0.112984829 N·m.
- kilogram-force meter (kgf·m): 1 kgf·m = 9.80665 N·m.

### Acceleration

Acceleration is change in speed per unit time. Standard gravity, g, is defined as exactly 9.80665 m/s².

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/acceleration-converter

- meter per second squared (m/s²): 1 m/s² = 1 m/s².
- foot per second squared (ft/s²): 1 ft/s² = 0.3048 m/s².
- standard gravity (g): 1 g = 9.80665 m/s². Exactly 9.80665 m/s².
- gal (Gal): 1 Gal = 0.01 m/s².

### Flow rate

Volumetric flow rate is volume per unit time, used for pumps, taps, HVAC and ventilation.

Converter: https://converteasy.lowkey.tools/flow-rate-converter

- milliliter per minute (mL/min): 1 mL/min = 1.666666667 × 10⁻⁸ m³/s.
- liter per second (L/s): 1 L/s = 0.001 m³/s.
- liter per minute (L/min): 1 L/min = 0.00001666666667 m³/s.
- liter per hour (L/h): 1 L/h = 0.0000002777777778 m³/s.
- cubic meter per second (m³/s): 1 m³/s = 1 m³/s.
- cubic meter per hour (m³/h): 1 m³/h = 0.0002777777778 m³/s.
- US gallon per minute (gpm): 1 gpm = 0.0000630901964 m³/s.
- cubic foot per minute (CFM): 1 CFM = 0.0004719474432 m³/s.

## Byte counting modes

- Decimal (SI): 1 KB = 1,000 B, 1 MB = 1,000 KB, 1 GB = 1,000 MB. Used by drive makers, macOS, iOS, Android and networking.
- Binary (JEDEC, as Windows and RAM count): 1 KB = 1,024 B, 1 MB = 1,024 KB, 1 GB = 1,024 MB. The IEC names for these sizes are KiB, MiB, GiB.
- ConvertEasy has a Decimal / Binary switch; it changes KB, MB, GB, TB, PB, EB and KB/s, MB/s, GB/s. KiB, MiB, GiB are always binary.
- Bits are always decimal: 1 Kb = 1,000 b, 1 Mb = 1,000 Kb. 1 B = 8 b in both modes.
- Unit factors listed below are the decimal ones.

## Crypto denominations

- Ethereum: 1 ETH = 10^3 finney = 10^6 szabo = 10^9 gwei = 10^18 wei.
- Bitcoin: 1 BTC = 1,000 mBTC = 1,000,000 μBTC (bits) = 100,000,000 sats.
- USDC: USDC → base units, 6 decimals. USDC uses 6 decimals on Ethereum, Solana, Base, Arbitrum and most chains. Bridged USDC on BNB Chain uses 18.
- USDT: USDT → base units, 6 decimals. USDT uses 6 decimals on Ethereum and Tron. BEP-20 USDT on BNB Chain uses 18.
- ETH ↔ gwei: ETH → gwei, exponent 9. Gas prices are quoted in gwei: 1 gwei is 10⁻⁹ ETH, or 1,000,000,000 wei.
- ETH ↔ wei: ETH → wei, exponent 18. Wei is the smallest unit of ether. Every ERC-20 amount on-chain is an integer of base units like this.
- gwei ↔ wei: gwei → wei, exponent 9. 1 gwei is exactly 1,000,000,000 wei.
- BTC ↔ sats: BTC → sats, exponent 8. One satoshi is 10⁻⁸ BTC, the smallest amount the Bitcoin protocol records.
- BTC ↔ mBTC: BTC → mBTC, exponent 3. A millibitcoin is one thousandth of a bitcoin, or 100,000 sats.
- BTC ↔ μBTC: BTC → μBTC (bits), exponent 6. A microbitcoin, also called a bit, is one millionth of a bitcoin, or 100 sats.
- SOL ↔ lamports: SOL → lamports, 9 decimals. A lamport is 10⁻⁹ SOL. Solana fees and rent are charged in lamports.
- DOGE ↔ koinu: DOGE → koinu, 8 decimals. Dogecoin, like Bitcoin, has 8 decimal places.
- LTC ↔ litoshi: LTC → litoshi, 8 decimals.
- XRP ↔ drops: XRP → drops, 6 decimals. One drop is one millionth of an XRP.
- ADA ↔ lovelace: ADA → lovelace, 6 decimals.
- TRX ↔ sun: TRX → sun, 6 decimals.
- DOT ↔ planck: DOT → planck, 10 decimals. Polkadot moved to 10 decimals in its 2020 redenomination.
- ATOM ↔ uatom: ATOM → uatom, 6 decimals.
- NEAR ↔ yocto: NEAR → yoctoNEAR, 24 decimals.
- SUI ↔ MIST: SUI → MIST, 9 decimals.
- APT ↔ octas: APT → octas, 8 decimals.
- TON ↔ nanoton: TON → nanoton, 9 decimals.
- AVAX ↔ wei: AVAX → wei, 18 decimals. AVAX on the C-Chain uses 18 decimals like ETH. On the X- and P-Chains it uses 9 (nAVAX).
- BNB ↔ wei: BNB → wei, 18 decimals.
- POL ↔ wei: POL → wei, 18 decimals.
- XLM ↔ stroops: XLM → stroops, 7 decimals.
- XTZ ↔ mutez: XTZ → mutez, 6 decimals.
- ALGO ↔ microAlgo: ALGO → microAlgos, 6 decimals.
- HBAR ↔ tinybars: HBAR → tinybars, 8 decimals.
- FIL ↔ attoFIL: FIL → attoFIL, 18 decimals.
- ICP ↔ e8s: ICP → e8s, 8 decimals.
- KAS ↔ sompi: KAS → sompi, 8 decimals.
- XMR ↔ piconero: XMR → piconero, 12 decimals.
- WBTC: WBTC → base units, 8 decimals.
- DAI: DAI → base units, 18 decimals.

## Cooking weights (US cup, spoon-and-level)

- All-purpose flour: 1 cup ≈ 120 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 7.5 g
- Bread flour: 1 cup ≈ 127 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 7.9 g
- Cake flour: 1 cup ≈ 114 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 7.1 g
- Whole wheat flour: 1 cup ≈ 120 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 7.5 g
- Almond flour: 1 cup ≈ 96 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 6.0 g
- Cornstarch: 1 cup ≈ 128 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 8.0 g
- Cocoa powder: 1 cup ≈ 85 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 5.3 g
- Granulated sugar: 1 cup ≈ 200 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 12.5 g
- Brown sugar (packed): 1 cup ≈ 220 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 13.8 g
- Powdered sugar: 1 cup ≈ 120 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 7.5 g
- Honey: 1 cup ≈ 340 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 21.3 g
- Maple syrup: 1 cup ≈ 322 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 20.1 g
- Butter: 1 cup ≈ 227 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 14.2 g
- Vegetable oil: 1 cup ≈ 218 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 13.6 g
- Milk: 1 cup ≈ 244 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 15.3 g
- Heavy cream: 1 cup ≈ 238 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 14.9 g
- Plain yogurt: 1 cup ≈ 245 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 15.3 g
- Water: 1 cup ≈ 236.6 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 14.8 g
- Rice (uncooked, white): 1 cup ≈ 185 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 11.6 g
- Rolled oats: 1 cup ≈ 90 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 5.6 g
- Table salt: 1 cup ≈ 292 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 18.3 g
- Chocolate chips: 1 cup ≈ 170 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 10.6 g
- Peanut butter: 1 cup ≈ 258 g; 1 tbsp ≈ 16.1 g

## Supported crypto assets

Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Tether (USDT), USD Coin (USDC), BNB (BNB), Solana (SOL), XRP (XRP), Dogecoin (DOGE), Cardano (ADA), TRON (TRX), Toncoin (TON), Avalanche (AVAX), Chainlink (LINK), Polkadot (DOT), Stellar (XLM), Sui (SUI), Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Litecoin (LTC), Hedera (HBAR), Shiba Inu (SHIB), Dai (DAI), Monero (XMR), Uniswap (UNI), NEAR Protocol (NEAR), Aptos (APT), Internet Computer (ICP), Polygon (POL), Ethereum Classic (ETC), Cosmos (ATOM), Filecoin (FIL), Arbitrum (ARB), Optimism (OP), Algorand (ALGO), Tezos (XTZ), Aave (AAVE), Injective (INJ), Celestia (TIA), Sei (SEI), Kaspa (KAS), Zcash (ZEC), Pepe (PEPE), dogwifhat (WIF), Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC)

## Smart calculator syntax

- Numbers: 1, 1.5, 001, .25, 1,000, 2e-3, 0xFF, 0b1010. "1.1.1" is invalid.
- Scale: 5k, 2.5M, 3B (billion), 1.2T (trillion) when attached to the number; 3 lakh, 2 crore, 4 million, 1 bn, 2 tn. "5 B" with a space is five bytes, and in a line with data units "512B" is bytes.
- Bytes: KB, MB, GB, TB follow the Decimal / Binary switch (1,000 or 1,024). Bits are always decimal; KiB, MiB, GiB always binary.
- Operators: + − × ÷ * / ^ ( ) √ π % ! = ≠ < > ≤ ≥. π = 3.14159.
- Percent: "200 g + 10%" = 220 g; "10% of 200" = 20; "10 % 3" (between numbers) = 1 (modulo).
- Units: any symbol, name, plural, US or UK spelling. Compound: "5 ft 11 in", "5'11\"", "1 h 30 min".
- Same-kind rule: units of the same kind add and subtract; different kinds multiply or divide into derived kinds (m × m = m², km ÷ h = km/h).
- Conversion: end a line with "to", "in", "as" or "→" and a unit. Split results: "to ft in", "to h min s".
- Money: "$20 + €15 in INR", "0.5 ETH to USD". Live rates.
- Formats: "to hex", "to binary", "to octal", "to roman", "to %", "to sci".
- One calculation per line; "ans" is the previous line; "#" or "//" starts a comment.